So make sure to ask questions if you dont understand something. The result is that many organisms have similar, but not identical, versions of a given protein. Tell students that genetic research often involves comparing dna sequences to one another. To identify the owner of a dna sample, the dna fingerprint, or profile, must be matched, either to dna from. Worksheets by digital world biology digital world biology. Building blocks of dna this learning activity is designed to help students use molecular structure images without the molecularviewing software. Student handouts are attached here, and an electronic version in pdf format is. Background between 19902003, scientists working on an international research project known as. About 90% of human dna is the same as mouse dna, and thats a good thing.
In the second, students explore an interactive tree of life and trace the shared ancestry of numerous species. Comparing amino acid sequences you will be comparing amino acid sequences of topoisomerase protein from several different organisms to topoisomerase protein from mouse. The benefits of using protein sequences over dna sequences comparing coding regions. Background context due to the physical evidence that the unknown species.
Students perform dna forensics using food coloring to enhance their understanding of dna fingerprinting, restriction enzymes, genotyping and dna gel electrophoresis. Dna sequences that do not encode proteins or structural rnas e. Another way would be to compare strings of amino acids and note differences in the order of. Microsoft word ap bio lab comparing dna sequences worksheet wl.
In this case, the sequence contains the gene to make the protein insulin. In the first, students build phylogenetic trees themed around the evidence of evolution, including fossils, biogeography, and similarities in dna. Best tool for comparing multiple dna sequence alignments. How dna controls the workings of the cell tab 8 below are two partial sequences of dna bases shown for only one strand of dna. Write your amino acid chain directly below the rna. As dna changes over time, the proteins that are produced by the dna change too. In this exercise, you will revisit that classification and. In this activity, students will compare the size and dna sequence of the primate. An activity on biological classification, you generated a phylogenetic tree of mollusks using only shell morphology. Sequ nee i is from a human and sequence 2 is from a cow. Shown below is a partial sequence from the dogs cytochrome oxidase subunit i coi gene in fasta. Worksheet creating phylogenetic trees from dna sequences student handout creating phylogenetic trees from dna sequences introduction this worksheet complements the click and learn creating phylogenetic trees from dna sequences developed in conjunction with the 2011 holiday lectures on science, bones, stones, and genes. Some dna sequencing instruments store data in the form of dna. In this laboratory investigation, you will use blast to compare several genes, and then use the information to construct a cladogram.
Paul andersen shows you how to compare dna sequences to understand evolutionary relationships. Dna forensics and color pigments activity teachengineering. Insulin is necessary for the uptake of sugar from the blood. In contrast, even the most rapidly changing protein sequences can detect sequences that are. Comparing amino acid sequences you will be comparing amino acid sequences of pcna protein from several different organisms to pcna protein from mouse. The smallest fragment on the gel belongs to the father or couple b found at the bottom of the gel. Fossils, anatomy, embryos, and dna sequences provide corroborative lines of evidence about.
Because copying dna is essential for life, all types of living things make this protein. In the video, scholars explore the comparison of dna sequences, then attempt to place dna sequences. Using your knowledge of basepairing, which dna sample in model 2 will be 100% comple mentary to organisma. There are two sequences here, sequence a and sequence b. How many of the amino acids in the sequence are exactly the same. Common ancestry teach genetics utah university of utah. Annie gerspach how can bioinformatics be used to determine where the unknown fossil belongs on the cladogram. The main objective of dna analysis is to get a visual representation of dna left at the scene of a crime. Scientists take the dna from a bunch of different organisms and by comparing it they can figure out what must important by seeing what gets protected. Pass out magnetic strips of dna sequence and spinners, one each per.
In part a of this lab, you will compare amino acid sequences of hemoglobin from eight mammals. Comparing the dna sequences of different species is a powerful method for decoding genomic information, because functional sequences tend to evolve at a slower rate than nonfunctional sequences. Comparing dna sequences to understand evolutionary. A cladogram is treelike, with the endpoints of each.
Pdf the genome maps of a small number of prokaryotes have been completed. These sequences should be in an electronic format in a central. Could two humans or two cows have some differences in their dna sequences for insulin, yet still make the exact same insulin proteins. Students can copy the gene sequence on paper and compare it to the results once the gene is submitted on the blast website. Stack overflow for teams is a private, secure spot for you and your coworkers to find and share information. Your use of this pdf, the bioone web site, and all posted and associated content. Create your own worksheets like this one with infinite algebra 2.
Cut out the comparing creature features sheet and match the half to the other species on the chimpanzee vs. Simulating dna sequence evolution groups of students will use dice. If youre seeing this message, it means were having trouble loading external resources on our website. Introduction to dnasequencing sydney informatics hub. Along the way, were going to learn some new words that scientists use. Deletion a base is lost insertion an extra base is inserted deletion and insertion may cause whats called a frameshift, meaning the reading frame changes, changing the amino acid sequence. Lesson 9 9 analyzing dna sequences and dna barcoding. Comparing dna sequences paul andersen shows you how to compare dna sequences to understand evolutionary relationships. Youre going to look at just the last 63 or so of them. This difference occurs because the sequence of a, t, c, and g vary from one molecule or gene to another. Lesson 3 3 using bioinformatics to study evolutionary.
Remember that in fasta format, the first line contains the information about the sequence and. Explain that the students goal today is to analyze their dna data from lesson two, in. When uploaded into the blast website, each gene sequence will appear in the query sequence. Lesson title decoding dna ignite my future in school.
By comparing dna sequences between tasters and nontasters, scientists have determined that there are three single nucleotide polymorphisms snps that differentiate the taster allele t from the nontaster allele t. They can compare their own results to the correct answer from the other group. There are different formats for representing dna sequences. This worksheet is for students answers to lesson questions. A simplistic view of this genetic information has the potential to cause inconvenience or harm. Which organisms dna will differ the most from the leopard. In both humans and cows, this sequence is part instructions controlling a bodily function. He shows you how to classify dna relationships using a percent match. In addition, you can have students align gene sequences on paper to simulate what the blast program is doing for them.
By comparing the genomic sequences of species at different evolutionary distances, one can identify coding sequences and conserved noncoding sequences. Comparing dna sequences this exercise is designed to introduce you to the immense database of sequence information maintained by the national institutes of health and to a few ways of obtaining, comparing, and analyzing dna sequences in that database. Comparing dna sequences to understand evolutionary relationships with blast primary question by. Through the mapping of the dna of songbirds, scientists have discovered a gene network common among the species. Megablast is intended for comparing a query to closely related sequences and works best if the target percent identity is 95% or more but is very fast. Review sheet for ap biology lab comparing dna sequences. Structure of topoisomerase i protein wrapped around a small piece of dna. A dna picture features columns of darkcolored parallel bands and is equivalent to a fingerprint lifted from a smooth surface. Fold along the dotted line, below the mouse sequence. Overview of dna sequence analysis and comparing dna. Print comparing dna sequences to understand evolutionary relationships with blast.
As water travels along the paper strips, students observe the pigments that compose the. Dna from organism a attached to a nitrocellulose membrane. He starts with a brief introduction to cladograms and evolutionary relationships. Comparing dna sequences to understand evolutionary relationships with blast how can bioinformatics be used as a tool to determine evolutionary relationships and to better understand genetic diseases.
Students learn how what appear to be very slight differences in dna. Dna sequence evolution simulation and phylogeny building with. When dna sequences are compared more objectively without preselecting sequences and filtering the data, the chimp and human genomes are only about 70% similar. The case study document presents data from comparative anatomy, fossils, embryological development. However, dna similarity could just as easily be explained as the result of a common creator. Lesson 4 4 understanding genetic tests to detect brca1.
These sequences should be in an electronic format in a central location where students will have access to them during class. Dna sequencing has become very easy and rapid since the 1990s. Students work with images from cn3d on paper or on screen as a pdf document to identify nucleotides, base pairs, and parts of nucleotides. While current research shows there is a strong genetic component, epidemiological. Comparing dna sequences to determine evolutionary relationships among mollusks overview in the online activity biodiversity and evolutionary trees. A comparison with dna sequences in the ncbi blast database your sequence is similar to. How the sequence of nucleotide bases as, ts, cs, and gs in a piece of dna is determined. Deletion insertion frameshift point mutation changes. Genetics name date comparing amino acid sequences set a. Screenshots of each step in the procedure are provided in the student manual version of this lab. Using blast, you can input a gene sequence of interest and search entire genomic libraries. Paul andersen shows you how to compare dna sequences to understand evolutionary. Introduce concept of dna as information in all living things. Dna molecules can be identified by a difference in the sequence of bases enzymes, which are produced naturally by bacteria, cut dna molecules at specific sites denoted by base sequences when a restriction enzyme is used to cut different dna molecules, the size of the fragments generated will be unique to.
A snp is a type of genetic variation where the nucleotide at a single position differs between individuals. Teachers will need to provide the dna and protein sequences for. They place small drops of different food coloring waterbased paint on strips of filter paper and then place one paper strip end in water. The process of determining a dna sequence involves copying dna. How many bases are found in each of the dna samples 14 as well as in the dna from organism a in model 2.
Differences among these homologous proteins provide clues to evolution. This comparing dna sequences video is suitable for 9th 12th grade. An optional worksheet is provided as a short assessment tool tree thinking. He finally shows you how to compare dna sequences between organisms using the ncbi and ncbi blast websites. Recall that in the recent past you studied proteins involved in respiratory metabolism. Protein sequence comparison and protein evolution tutorial. Page 10 of 10 once you know which sequence you want to use, click on the fasta file link, then select all the text, copy it, and paste it into a new document as a plain text file. For example, researchers are working to identify genetic factors involved in psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. Each row is actual dna sequence from a different animal. Each dna molecule has a unique structure that makes it different from other dna molecules or genes. Comparing the human gene to the cow gene, how many of the codons are exactly the same.
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